感谢@TravisF的发布，我实现了最后一个解决方案，以使图像始终具有相同的高度，宽度和位置（中心）。
double newMeasure = (userImage.getImage().getWidth() < userImage.getImage().getHeight()) ? userImage.getImage().getWidth() : userImage.getImage().getHeight();
double x = (userImage.getImage().getWidth() - newMeasure) / 2;
double y = (userImage.getImage().getHeight() - newMeasure) / 2;
Rectangle2D rect = new Rectangle2D(x, y, newMeasure, newMeasure);
userImage.setViewport(rect);
userImage.setFitWidth(150);
userImage.setFitHeight(150);
userImage.setSmooth(true);
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