我决定发布针对此问题的完整解决方案，因为已经提供的答案（虽然在技术上是正确的）在我这种特殊情况下不起作用。诀窍是执行以下操作：
就像上面的@hcoat一样，添加system.webServer.httpProtocol.customHeaders是解决问题的第一步（我以前已经尝试过此操作，但是没有用）。在此处添加您需要为CORS设置的所有自定义标头和HTTP方法。
<httpProtocol>
<customHeaders>
<add name="Access-Control-Allow-Origin" value="*" />
<add name="Access-Control-Allow-Methods" value="GET,POST,DELETE,HEAD,PUT,OPTIONS" />
<add name="Access-Control-Allow-Headers" value="Origin, X-Olaround-Debug-Mode, Authorization, Accept" />
<add name="Access-Control-Expose-Headers" value="X-Olaround-Debug-Mode, X-Olaround-Request-Start-Timestamp, X-Olaround-Request-End-Timestamp, X-Olaround-Request-Time, X-Olaround-Request-Method, X-Olaround-Request-Result, X-Olaround-Request-Endpoint" />
</customHeaders>
</httpProtocol>
下一步（@Bing Han提供的解决方案）是删除OPTIONSVerbHandlerIIS中定义的默认值，并设置一个PHP54_via_FastCGI接受附加HTTP方法的自定义处理程序。默认处理程序仅适用于GET，POST和HEAD请求。
<handlers>
<remove name="OPTIONSVerbHandler" />
<remove name="PHP54_via_FastCGI" />
<add name="PHP54_via_FastCGI" path="*.PHP" verb="GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE, PROPFIND, PROPPATCH, MKCOL, COPY, MOVE, LOCK, UNLOCK" modules="FastCgiModule" scriptProcessor="D:\Program Files (x86)\PHP\v5.4\php-cgi.exe" resourceType="Either" requireAccess="Script" />
</handlers>
这是造成最多问题的难题的最后一部分。由于IIS已经添加了<customHeaders>，所以我在上面的问题中共享的PHP代码段正在复制它们。这在浏览器级别引起了问题，该问题无法对相同类型的多个标头做出很好的响应。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<configuration>
<system.webServer>
<rewrite>
<rules>
<rule name="Imported Rule 1" stopProcessing="true">
<match url="^(.*)$" ignoreCase="false" />
<conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll">
<add input="{R:1}" pattern="^(dir_path\.PHP|lolaround|lolaround\.PHP|app_assets)" ignoreCase="false" negate="true" />
</conditions>
<action type="Rewrite" url="lolaround.PHP/{R:1}" />
</rule>
<rule name="Imported Rule 2" stopProcessing="true">
<match url="lolaround/(.*)" ignoreCase="false" />
<action type="Rewrite" url="/lolaround.PHP/{R:1}" />
</rule>
</rules>
</rewrite>
<httpProtocol>
<customHeaders>
<add name="Access-Control-Allow-Origin" value="*" />
<add name="Access-Control-Allow-Methods" value="GET,POST,DELETE,HEAD,PUT,OPTIONS" />
<add name="Access-Control-Allow-Headers" value="Origin, X-Olaround-Debug-Mode, Authorization, Accept" />
<add name="Access-Control-Expose-Headers" value="X-Olaround-Debug-Mode, X-Olaround-Request-Start-Timestamp, X-Olaround-Request-End-Timestamp, X-Olaround-Request-Time, X-Olaround-Request-Method, X-Olaround-Request-Result, X-Olaround-Request-Endpoint" />
</customHeaders>
</httpProtocol>
<handlers>
<remove name="OPTIONSVerbHandler" />
<remove name="PHP54_via_FastCGI" />
<add name="PHP54_via_FastCGI" path="*.PHP" verb="GET, PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE, PROPFIND, PROPPATCH, MKCOL, COPY, MOVE, LOCK, UNLOCK" modules="FastCgiModule" scriptProcessor="D:\Program Files (x86)\PHP\v5.4\php-cgi.exe" resourceType="Either" requireAccess="Script" />
</handlers>
</system.webServer>
</configuration>
：虽然@hcoat和@Bing Han的答案在此问题中都很有用，但我只能将其中的一项奖励。我决定将其交给@Bing Han，因为他的回答使我离解决方案最近（而且我无法通过自己的搜索找到添加自定义PHP处理程序的方法）。
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