除了dict.fromkeys您还可以使用dict-comprehension，但是 fromkeys()比dict理解要快：
In [27]: lis = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
In [28]: dic = {x: 0 for x in lis}
In [29]: dic
Out[29]: {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0, 'd': 0}
对于2.6及更早版本：
In [30]: dic = dict((x, 0) for x in lis)
In [31]: dic
Out[31]: {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'c': 0, 'd': 0}
timeit 比较：
In [38]: %timeit dict.fromkeys(xrange(10000), 0) # winner
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.4 ms per loop
In [39]: %timeit {x: 0 for x in xrange(10000)}
100 loops, best of 3: 2.08 ms per loop
In [40]: %timeit dict((x, 0) for x in xrange(10000))
100 loops, best of 3: 4.63 ms per loop
正如@Eumiro和@mgilson在评论中所提到的，需要注意的是fromkeys()，dict- comprehensions如果使用的值是可变对象，则可能返回不同的对象：
In [42]: dic = dict.fromkeys(lis, [])
In [43]: [id(x) for x in dic.values()]
Out[43]: [165420716, 165420716, 165420716, 165420716] # all point to a same object
In [44]: dic = {x: [] for x in lis}
In [45]: [id(x) for x in dic.values()]
Out[45]: [165420780, 165420940, 163062700, 163948812] # unique objects
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